ACTA TECHNICA NAPOCENSIS - Series: APPLIED MATHEMATICS, MECHANICS, and ENGINEERING
History of the Journal Beginning with no. 35/1992, of the scientific Bulletin of the Cluj-Napoca Polytechnic Institute, edited since 1958, will continue to appear under the new name ACTA TECHNICA NAPOCENSIS, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca. This message has appeared in Romanian and in English by the year 2002, on the same page with the College editorial office. The magazine enjoys a good name and good reputation has a both in country and abroad, as seen from the list of works and of Xerox copies of the file. I WILL PASS THE PERIODICITY AND THE NAME ACCORDING TO THE RECORDS OF THE LIBRARY OF UTCN: SCIENTIFIC BULLETIN, SERIES: MATHEMATICS-PHYSICS-MECHANICS APPLIED, 1977-1979 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY 1979-1982 MATEAMATICA-APPLIED MECHANICS-CONSTRUCTION MACHINES 1983 – 1989 APPLIED MATHEMATICS MECHANICS 1990 – 1991 ACTA TECHNICA NAPOCENSIS SERIES: APPLIED MATHEMATICS AND MECHANICS 1992 to CONTINUE Since 1992 the scientific Bulletin of IPCN was divided into 4 separate magazines, each has a name and serial number ISSN assigned, with an Editor of the series. One of these represents ACTA TECHNICA NAPOCENSIS, Sesies: Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, ISSN 1221 – 5872, series editor: Prof. Dr. IOng. Mariana ARGHIR, being unchanged since 1992. Each article has a summary in English, French or German, and at the end of each article is article title and summary in English, and finally it has a title and an abstract in Romanian. In 2007 the magazine was named by CNCSIS in category B, the situation in which the magazine has its own web page, and in 2009 became class B +, with registration in the database world COPERNICUS. The fields are: 1A Mathematics; 1B Informatics; 2A Mechanical engineering; 2F Industrial engineering The Code Commission: 2. Commission for Science Engineering
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A STUDY OF THE 3D PRINTING PROCESS USING A ROBOTIC ARM TO IDENTIFY THE BEHAVIOR OF PETG AND PLA MATERIALS
The objective of the present study is to examine the parameters employed in the robot-assisted 3D printing process. These parameters analysed include aspects such as Inﬁll percentage, Layer thickness, and Raster angle. After the robotic 3D printing process, a test specimen is tested using standard D638-14 in a tensile testing machine, where an increasing axial force will be applied to the specimen, typically until failure, and the resulting variations will be documented. The stress/strain curve generated will demonstrate how the material reacts to the applied forces. Experiments involving robotic 3D printing with PLA and PETG materials revealed that the Ultimate Tensile Stress values for the PLA material were found to be higher than the corresponding PETG material.
EVALUATION OF THE FORMABILITY OF EN AW-5754 H22 ALUMINIUM-MAGNESIUM ALLOY PERFORATED SHEETS DURING THE SINGLE POINT INCREMENTAL FORMING PROCESS
The present paper aims to study the formability of EN AW-5754 H22 aluminium alloy perforated sheets formed by incremental forming process based on the maximum allowable wall angle. For this study, a variable angle cone frustum trajectory was used, and nine specimens were incrementally formed, corresponding to a 32 full factorial experiment. We employed three levels of variation for two parameters: the perforated hole diameter (2.5, 3 and 4mm) and the distance between two holes measured between the perforated edges (2, 3 and 4mm). The results are focused on determining the main strains, the thickness reduction, the height of the part, the maximum allowable wall angle and the maximum value of the forces on the three directions.
STUDY OF STRAINS AND FORCES IN THE INCREMENTAL FORMING OF CLAD MATERIAL AL 3003/AL 4343
This article investigates the formability of aluminum-clad materials during the Single Point Incremental Forming (SPIF) process. Clad materials have become an important choice in the automotive and aerospace industries due to their unique combination of mechanical and functional properties provided by distinct aluminum alloy layers. In the experiments, a clad material consisting of an Al 3003 substrate and an Al 4343 clad layer was used. The study focuses on the analysis of deformations and forces required during the SPIF process applied to this type of material. Experimental tests were conducted using an ARAMIS optical measurement system, a force measurement system, and an industrial robot to ensure process accuracy. Additionally, the chemical composition of each clad layer was determined using the HELIOS HYDRA (SEM) dual-beam electron microscope, providing a detailed characterization of the material. The results of this study contribute to a better understanding of the behavior of clad materials in the incremental forming process.
ANALYSIS OF THICKNESS REDUCTION IN THE INCREMENTAL FORMING PROCESS OF THE CLAD ALUMINUM ALLOY EN AW 3003/EN AW 4343
Clad materials are increasingly used in the automotive and aerospace industries due to the significant advantages they offer. The incremental forming process of lightweight materials is gaining more interest because it allows the production of relatively complex parts at lower costs, eliminating the need for complex and expensive molds. Understanding the phenomenon of thickness reduction is essential, as it directly influences the mechanical strength of the manufactured parts. In this work, the thickness reduction of the EN AW-3003 aluminum alloy clad with EN AW-4343 was studied following the incremental forming process. Two methods were used for the thickness reduction analysis. The first method involved non-contact optical measurement using the ARAMIS optical measurement system. The second method focused on analyzing the clad layer using optical microscopy. The obtained results enhance the understanding of the behavior of clad materials during incremental forming and may serve as a foundation for optimizing the manufacturing process.
STRATEGIC INTEGRATION OF INDUSTRY 4.0 AND LEAN SIX SIGMA: ADDRESSING IMPLEMENTATION GAPS IN MANUFACTURING OPERATIONS
This paper examines the integration of Industry 4.0 technologies with Lean Six Sigma methodologies in manufacturing, emphasising the opportunities and challenges associated with this convergence in achieving operational excellence. The study identifies five primary integration gaps through comprehensive analysis: data integration, process automation, quality control, workforce competencies, and implementation strategy. The recommendation advocates a phased implementation that emphasises automated processes and immediate quality control improvements, along with a sustained focus on workforce development and data integration strategies over the long term. We have identified gaps in digital skills and insufficient data architecture as the primary obstacles. The findings challenge the prevailing belief that technological advances are the sole drivers of modernisation. They highlight the importance of non-technological factors, such as organizational readiness and human dimensions, as essentials for achieving sustainable operational change. The research indicates that initiating cross-functional integration and advancing multi-layer technology projects enhances resource allocation and optimises the success of digital transformation in manufacturing processes.
ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF ROTATION SPEED ON THE FSW BEAD PROPERTIES FOR THREE OVERLAPPING ALUMINIUM ALLOYS
Friction Stir Welding (FSW) represents a cutting-edge and innovative welding method. It utilizes a non-consumable tool, avoids melting the material, operates in all positions, provides excellent mechanical properties, and has a minimal impact on the environment. This paper provides an analysis of the experimental results of friction stir welding beads for three different aluminum types alloys: AA7075, AA6061, and AA2024 welded together, overlapped. During the experiments, the position of the aluminum alloy plates and the advancing speed were kept constant, while the rotation speed was varied. The exit data recorded during the process and measured afterward on FSW beads will be analyzed and compared to determine the impact of rotation speed on the joint properties.
INFLUENCE OF INFILL DENSITY ON COMPRESSIVE PERFORMANCES OF PEI 1010 PARTS MANUFACTURED BY FUSED FILAMENT FABRICATION PROCESS
This study investigates the properties of 3D printed Polyetherimide 1010 (PEI 1010), focusing on the influence of infill density on mechanical performance. Compressive tests were conducted to evaluate the material's strength and stress – strain behavior at varying infill levels. Additionally, microscopical analysis and hardness tests were conducted in order to characterize the Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) process for PEI 1010. Results demonstrate that infill density significantly enhances the mechanical properties of PEI 1010, making it a viable option for applications requiring high-performance materials.
EFFECT OF PROCESS PARAMETERS ON THE COMPRESSIVE BEHAVIOR OF PEKK PARTS FABRICATED BY MATERIAL EXTRUSION ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
The material polyetherketoneketone (PEKK), belongs to the high-performance polymers family and has exceptional mechanical strength, thermal stability and chemical resistance. The material is used in the process of fused filament fabrication (FFF) and have been used in many applications for medical sector, automotive and aerospace. The scope of this study was to analyze the influence of the 3D printing parameters, the internal configuration type (honeycomb) and the infill density on the compressive strength of the 3D printed PEKK-SC specimens. Following the tests, it was concluded that the Fast Honeycomb pattern has higher compressive strength in comparation with the Full Honeycomb configuration. Infill density plays an important role when it comes to 3D printed products and the results related to this study suggests that the value of the compressive strength increases as the percentage of infill density goes up. The Shore D hardness of the material was determined and the microscopic analyze of FFF printed specimens was conducted as well.
RESEARCH REGARDING THE SAFE USE OF INTERCONNECTED SMART DEVICES ON THE INTERNET OF THINGS
The Internet of Things (IoT) constitutes a globally interconnected network of computing, sensing, and networking devices that facilitate data exchange through diverse communication protocols. Recent advancements in technologies have significantly enhanced the seamless integration of smart devices. Consequently, the selection of an optimal network security design is imperative for system architects, necessitating a thorough evaluation of networks not only in terms of connectivity but also from a security standpoint. This article depicts a detailed analysis of IoT architecture, device security, and associated challenges in maintaining security requirements for IoT devices. It explores various cyber threats, their attack mechanisms, and potential mitigation strategies. Furthermore, the study outlines future directions to adopt the security challenges of next-generation IoT systems. The empirical data of this study is to offer a clear summary of IoT security, cyberattacks, and prospective solutions, offering valuable insights for both academics and industry professionals across diverse contexts.
THE ROLE OF VENTILATION DESIGN IN AXIAL FAN MAINTENANCE
Efficient ventilation is vital for mine operations, with axial fans playing a central role in ensuring both performance and safety. Their maintenance directly impacts operational efficiency, longevity, and overall safety. However, the connection between ventilation design and fan maintenance remains underexplored. This study proposes a structured framework to assess the influence of ventilation design on axial fan maintenance strategies, combining findings from literature with conceptual analysis of practical design scenarios. While empirical data collection is planned for future work, this paper offers a preliminary synthesis and methodology for future validation. We analyze current ventilation systems, maintenance challenges, and key parameters affecting axial fan efficiency. The goal is to offer actionable insights for the mining industry, leading to more effective maintenance strategies, reduced downtime, and improved safety. By addressing this gap, we advocate for considering ventilation design and fan maintenance as an integrated approach.
REAL-TIME MONITORING AND VIBRO-MECHANICAL ANALYSIS: ENSURING THE INTEGRITY OF VENTILATION DUCT SYSTEMS IN HIGH-RISK ENVIRONMENTS
This study presents a comprehensive framework for monitoring ventilation ducts in harsh environments, addressing operational challenges. Leveraging Industry 4.0 technologies, it employs advanced sensors, data processing, and Ethernet communication for enhanced reliability and flexibility. The system monitors vibration, temperature, and pressure to detect faults early, using frequency analysis and vibration envelopes to assess machine health. It features a multi-processor system for real-time data analysis and web-based diagnostic tools. Experimental validation shows comparable performance to traditional methods, with improved safety, durability, and reduced downtime, advancing predictive maintenance for industrial ventilation systems.
DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION OF SOLDER JOINTS ON AN SMT MANUFACTURING LINE
The paper describes a line for soldering electronic components on PCBs and a method for optimizing solder joint parameters by destructive methods. A microscopic metallographic analysis, a tensile and bending tests and 3D simulations of mechanical tests are also performed. Finally, a method for determining dimensional non-conformities on the PCB manufacturing line by the SMT method is described.
STUDY ON THERMAL CONTROL OF TECHNOLOGICAL FLOW IN SURFACE-MOUNT TECHNOLOGY SOLDERING OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
The paper presents an industrial application of research on the occurrence of cracks in joints made with Pb (Lead)-free alloys, with an experiment carried out on a printed circuit board type with rigid FR4. FR4 is a composite material composed of woven fiberglass cloth with an epoxy resin binder that is flame resistant. The base plate is 1.6 mm thick, plated with a 35 mm thick copper (Cu) layer and a gold (Au) and nickel (Ni) -based finishing layer. The experimental part is a comparative study in the case of shear tests, for 5 samples having joints soldered with alloys containing Pb and 5 samples having joints soldered with alloys without Pb. The study of crack occurrence was based on subjecting the joint to a set of 200 thermal cycles and inducing local stresses by acting on the components and the temperature of the joining alloy in the first case being maximum 2400C. The results are applied industrially on machines for placing components on through-hole boards with wave soldering or Surface-Mount Technology (SMT) assembly machines with soldering in a complex thermal cycle oven: heating in several stages to the soldering temperature and finally cooling.
THE USE OF THE AHP METHOD IN THE EVALUATION AND SELECTION OF CUTTING TOOLS USED IN MACHINING ON CNC MACHINES
Processing on Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines represents a cornerstone of modern industry, where the selection of cutting tools plays a critical role in ensuring machining process performance. This study presents the selection of cutting tools using the multicriteria Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, which enables a comparative evaluation of alternatives based on multiple, often conflicting criteria. The primary objective is to identify tools that maximize performance, minimize costs, and ensure process stability, considering factors such as durability, machining time, acquisition and repair costs, as well as logistical availability. By employing AHP, the study aims to provide a rigorous decision-making framework that supports informed and strategic decisions regarding the selection of CNC cutting tools.
EVALUATION AND SELECTION OF SOME MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES USING THE AHP METHOD
In industrial practice, there are situations in which it is necessary to select a technology from several manufacturing technologies for a product. One of the methods that can be used in this regard is the analytic hierarchy process method. Using the method involves identifying and weighing some selection criteria. Subsequently, the composite weights of each of the technologies taken into account are determined based on each of the identified criteria. The method was applied to select a technology for separating samples from a workpiece in the form of a plate. It was considered that the separation can be achieved by classical technologies and, respectively, by some non-conventional technologies, such as wire electrical discharge machining, laser beam machining, and plasma beam machining. For the conditions considered, it was found that the most convenient technology is the one based on the use of a plasma beam.
PROJECT MANAGEMENT OF Z TRANSPORT CONVEYOR PRODUCT ASSIMILATION PROJECT USING MICROSOFT PROJECT
This paper explores the application of the Critical Path Method (CPM) in the development and implementation of a new manufacturing process using Microsoft Project. The study analyses the implementation management of a new manufacturing structure, using a case from a car parts manufacturing company in Oradea. The process began with identifying all activities required for the project, followed by establishing the dependency relationships (predecessors) for each activity. The human and material resources necessary for project execution were identified with the assistance of the project manager and technical team, and the associated costs (both fixed and variable) were determined. All data was input into Microsoft Project software for analysis. The use of Microsoft Project revealed potential issues in project implementation, such as resource shortages, critical activities, and overall implementation time. The application of the software facilitated the optimization of the project by accurately identifying the critical path, reducing execution time, and providing a clear visualization of costs. This paper offers a method for optimizing the design and implementation of a new manufacturing system. The approach assists production managers in altering or implementing new manufacturing structures, tracking progress, and visualizing costs. This method is an effective tool for managing project execution. The paper highlights the advantages of using the critical path method in the modernization and transformation of manufacturing structures through the use of Microsoft Project.
IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS BY MODELING WITH SPECIFIC ELEMENTS FROM SIMPY LIBRARY
Modern industry requires continuous improvement of manufacturing processes to increase efficiency and reduce costs. Modeling and simulation of manufacturing systems is an essential method for performance analysis and workflow optimization. This paper explores the use of Python's SimPy library for the simulation of manufacturing processes, with applicability to the machining of casting parts. Different production scenarios are analyzed, highlighting the impact of operational parameters on processing times and resource utilization. The results obtained allow the identification of critical points in the system and the proposal of optimization solutions, demonstrating the advantages of using SimPy for the analysis and improvement of industrial processes.
EXPLOSION-PROTECTED TECHNOLOGICAL EQUIPMENT - UNCERTAINTY CONSIDERATIONS IN TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT TESTS
In the context of explosion protection of technological equipment in general and electrical equipment in particular, the paper estimates the uncertainty involved in measuring the maximum surface temperature for intrinsically safe and increased safety types of protection. Equivalent test scenarios have been considered, using different sensor application methods. The context of the work is presented in the first part. The second part presents the stand used for temperature tests and the theoretical model adopted for heat exchange. In the third part of the paper, the obtained results are presented and discussed. Based on the results, it is concluded that the uncertainty of temperature measurement is influenced by the test conditions and the way the temperature sensors are applied.
ADVANCING GREEN COMPOSITES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SISAL, COIR, AND GLASS FIBER-REINFORCED POLYMERS
The research explores the mechanical, thermal, and aging properties of coir and sisal fiber-reinforced polymer-based composites and compares them to glass fiber-reinforced composites. From tensile testing, sisal composites were found to be more tensile than coir but less than glass fiber composites. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) found sisal to exhibit an onset decomposition temperature of 380°C, higher than glass fiber at 320°C, reflecting better initial thermal stability. Thermal shock aging tests did, however, report severe mechanical degradation for natural fiber composites, with 53.20% loss being experienced by coir. SEM analysis confirmed the occurrence of good fiber-matrix adhesion for glass and sisal composites, whereas voids and non-bonding were observed for coir. Sisal fibers, in spite of mechanical drawbacks, do have potential in sustainable automobile, aerospace, and lightweight structural applications, whereas research in fiber-matrix adhesion, hybridization, and improvement in durability is to be pursued for future progress.
THERMAL STABILITY AND DEGRADATION BEHAVIOR OF BIO-BASED AND SYNTHETIC FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITES: A TGA STUDY
This study analysis the thermal stability and degradation behavior of six fiber-reinforced composites—carbon, glass, flax, banana, raffia, and seagrass—using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Carbon fiber showed the highest thermal stability (onset at 327°C, 13.26% residual mass), followed by glass fiber (291°C, 9.3%). From tested natural fibers composites, flax reached the best thermal performance (onset at 287°C, peak at 536°C), closely approaching glass fiber but still far from carbon fiber performance. While natural fibers show in general lower thermal resistance, flax is shown as a promising sustainable alternative with huge potential for thermal optimization in aerospace, automotive, and even construction applications.
DEVELOPMENT OF NEW PRODUCTS - CONSIDERATIONS FOR REHABILITATION TECHNOLOGIES
Oxford’s English Dictionary defines technology as the application of scientific principles and knowledge for practical purposes, like building and designing specialized equipment. In the last 50 years we can observe an increase in usage of assistive and rehabilitation technology in the personal and professional life of human beings, including technology used for everyday life assistance and rehabilitation. Developing new technology for rehabilitation requires defining precisely the beneficiary and the user, pathological aspects and physiological function of the target segment that needs to be treated, and general organizational aspects of a physical therapy clinic or department, while taking into careful consideration medical device regulation. In this study we intend to analyze and propose practical recommendations for developing new rehabilitation devices and technologies applied on an ankle foot orthosis.
DESIGN OF ASSISTIVE DEVICE FOR SAFETY IMPROVEMENT OF VISUALLY IMPAIRED PEOPLE
The paper analyzes the most current applications for visually impaired people, in order to understand and identify the problems they have, with the idea of creating an application for such a device that includes all the useful functions and reduces the existing disadvantages. The applications presented were tested both day and night, using 2 different phones, both with Android and iOS operating systems. The main needs of a visually impaired person were monitored as follows: following a route to a supermarket; identification of the main food products, pharmaceuticals, money. During the test, several objects were analyzed, but we focused on details that cannot be easily identified by touch. To reduce the acquisition costs of the assistive device and make it accessible to a larger number of users, we modeled and designed a system that can be attached to an already existing white cane. This system can be easily assembled and disassembled, allowing the user to fold the cane, which is then easy to carry in a backpack or even in a pocket.
DETERMINATION OF CLEARANCE IMPACT ON VIBRATIONS OF RADIAL BALL BEARING THROUGH EXPERIMENTAL TESTING
Rolling bearings are machine elements used in shaft and axle supports to transmit loads and ensure necessary precision between parts in relative motion. They represent one of the most critical components of machines. Despite consisting of only four components (inner and outer rings, cage, and rolling elements), the static and dynamic behavior of bearings is highly complex. Research into the dynamic behavior of bearings is motivated by the desire to reduce noise and vibrations in their application, as well as to increase longevity, stiffness, operational speed, and rotational accuracy, and to develop methods for bearing diagnostics and monitoring. The dynamic behavior of bearings is governed by the dynamic behavior of their structural elements. Vibrations occurring in rolling bearings during operation are unavoidable. Clearance is of great importance for achieving satisfactory bearing performance. Clearance designed to compensate for thermal expansion of bearing elements is a source of vibrations and introduces nonlinearity in dynamic behavior. This study conducted experimental testing to observe the influence of clearance on the dynamic behavior of the radial bearing FKL 6006. Vibrations were measured using an experimental device for measuring and controlling rolling bearing vibrations, analyzing the impact of external axial load and clearance on the dynamic behavior of the radial bearing. Measurements were carried out at the Laboratory for Machine Tools, Flexible Technology Systems, and Automation of Design Processes at the Faculty of Technical Sciences in Novi Sad. During vibration measurements, bearing vibration results were recorded digitally and are suitable for further analysis
AN ANALYTICAL APPROACH FOR THE SELECTION OF CUTTING TOOL SUPPLIERS USING THE RSMVC METHOD. CASE STUDY
In the CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machining industry, cutting tools play a crucial role in ensuring quality and optimizing production costs. The large number of cutting tool suppliers and the often contradictory performance criteria make the process of selecting the optimal supplier a complex task. This article presents a multi-criteria analysis method for selecting cutting tool suppliers used in the machining of injection mold dies for plastics. The case study discussed in the article examines 16 suppliers and 19 criteria, utilizing the RSMVC method (Ranking the Solutions based on the Mean Value of Criteria). This method provides a thorough evaluation, taking into account the sensitivity and robustness of the decision. The proposed method offers a framework for making efficient decisions.
IMPROVEMENT OF OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY IN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT
Supply chain efficiency is essential for companies aiming for competitiveness, customer satisfaction, continuous improvement and efficient digitalization. This paper aims to show how algorithms such as the 3D Algorithm can improve space utilization in transport vehicles, examining the impact on reducing logistics costs. The implementation of these advanced optimization algorithms allows the logistics department to achieve higher truck loading rates and more efficient transport routes. The proposed study is based on the functionality of a Current Data System and to integrate new data into the new 3D Algorithm under test. Finally, this paper serves as a working tool for the logistics department and presents the development trend of supply chain efficiency.
THE DETERMINATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES BY TENSILE TESTING OF HARDFACING WEAR PLATES
This study examines the impact of weld row orientation on the mechanical properties of hardfacing wear plates, which are produced by applying a wear-resistant overlay onto S355MC structural steel using the flux-cored arc welding (FCAW-S) process. The research specifically investigates the tensile performance of specimens with weld orientations of 0°, 45°, and 90°. The objective is to determine which weld orientation optimally preserves stress transfer while minimizing performance losses in high-load conditions. The results underscore the critical role of weld alignment in influencing the mechanical response of wear-resistant overlays. This insight paves the way for future research aimed at incorporating additional influencing factors, such as the thermal effects induced during welding and strategies for minimizing the heat-affected zone (HAZ).
ROBOTIC SIMULATION FOR 3D PRINTING: DEVELOPMENT OF AN ADJUSTABLE POSITIONING FIXTURE
This research article aims to develop a robotic simulation of 3D printing for an adjustable positioning fixture, transforming it into a functional, reconfigurable system with a carefully selected component base. Using an ABB IRB 120 robot with 3D print extruder, the study optimizes the additive manufacturing process, focusing on printing parameters, structural integrity, and adaptability. Robotic 3D printing provides flexibility, reduced material waste, and the ability to create complex geometries within an extended workspace. The final fixture will enable reconfigurable part positioning, enhancing students’ understanding of industrial robot programming, fixture adjustments, and interactive reprogramming based on workpiece position and robotic program modifications.
TRAJECTORY SIMULATION AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION EVALUATION FOR MOBILE ROBOTS EQUIPPED WITH MECANUM WHEELS USING MATLAB
This scientific paper presents the development of a MATLAB script designed for simulating the trajectory of a mobile robot equipped with Mecanum wheels and estimating the energy consumption associated with its movement along the generated trajectory. The simulation considers both direct and inverse kinematics, which are essential for creating the robot’s dynamic model. This dynamic model is used to calculate the trajectory and estimate the energy consumption for the robot’s movement along it. The MATLAB script includes an interactive graphical interface that allows the user to add points along the robot’s trajectory by specifying coordinates (x, y) and the rotation angle (θ). Based on these inputs, the user can generate and visualize the full trajectory of the robot. Furthermore, the interface allows the selection of three different motion modes for the robot, namely: linear motion (piecewise), interpolated motion (spline), and combined motion (Holonomic). These various motion modes are implemented in the script to provide flexibility and allow the user to observe the robot's behaviour under different motion conditions. This paper focuses on simulating two distinct types of trajectories, each with its own characteristics, and simulating them using the three available motion modes. Following these simulations, energy consumption will be analysed for each trajectory, considering the dynamic factors of the robot’s movement. A comparative analysis of energy consumption across the three motion types applied to the same trajectories will also be conducted to evaluate the energy efficiency of each approach. This comparative analysis will help identify the most efficient solutions for minimizing energy consumption in practical applications of mobile robots with Mecanum wheels. The results obtained will contribute to a deeper understanding of the energy behaviour of mobile robots, providing valuable insights for the design and optimization of autonomous systems with applications in logistics, transportation, and industrial automation.
IMPACT OF INDUSTRIAL AGENTS ON PVC MATERIAL
This study analyzes the influence of industrial factors on polyvinyl chloride material, focusing on mechanical and elastic changes caused by different test environments. on polyvinyl chloride material is widely used due to its low cost and versatile chemical properties, but exposure to various environmental factors can significantly affect its performance. In the research, on polyvinyl chloride specimens were tested by uniaxial tensile testing after exposure to distilled water, cooling oil, saline, and ultraviolet radiation type C. The samples were immersed in liquid during the 24 hours, followed by mechanical testing according to ISO 527-2 and ISO 62:2008. The results showed that distilled water and cooling oil resulted in an increase in the maximum stress supported, while ultraviolet radiation type C and saline caused a significant reduction in mechanical strength. Statistical analysis performed with Minitab 18 confirmed the normal distribution of the data and allowed the identification of outliers. The study highlights the need to select materials according to the conditions of use, preventing premature degradation of on polyvinyl chloride components in aggressive industrial environments.
VALIDATION OF FINITE ELEMENT MODEL FOR STRAIN ANALYSIS OF SINGLE POINT INCREMENTAL FORMING PROCESS
Motivated by the need to improve strain distribution prediction in single point incremental forming process, this study investigates the results obtained from a numerical model developed, in comparison with experimental results. The problem addressed is the limited experimental validation of finite element predictions, which reduces confidence in process simulations. Using ABAQUS, a detailed model with the help of finite element method was developed and applied to truncated cone parts formed by a KUKA industrial robot. Strain and thickness data were obtained from experimental investigations using a 3D optical measurement system and compared to numerical predictions. The results showed slight overestimations of the numerical model, particularly in minor strains, but overall deviations remained within acceptable limits. The model reliably predicts strain distributions, confirming its applicability for predicting strain distribution in single point incremental forming process and improving manufacturing outcomes.
CARDINALITY CONSTRAINT FOR TRUSS SIZING OPTIMIZATION OF PLANAR TRUSS STRUCTURES
The optimization goal function of minimal weight generally produces results which use many different cross-sections. In practice, using such a large number of different bar stocks is irrational, impractical and expensive. This research explores the influence of implementing cardinality constraints in sizing optimization by limiting the number of possible different cross-sections that are used in any iteration of the optimization process. The example chosen to showcase the difference in using such an approach is the typical 47-bar planar problem. Results using the cardinality constraint are compared to results from an analytical solution where the entire structure was sized according to the structure’s most stressed bar, as well as to comparable results from literature, which do not limit the number of different cross-section dimensions.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF CUTTING SPEED EFFECTS ON SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND TOOL WEAR IN TI-6AL-4V MILLING
The titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V is a popular choice in the aerospace and medical sectors due to its exceptional mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. However, machining this alloy can be challenging due to its high strength and low thermal conductivity, which can result in accelerated tool wear and suboptimal surface quality. This experimental investigation examines the relationship between cutting speed, surface roughness, and tool wear during the milling of Ti-6Al-4V alloy. The selection of an appropriate cutting speed is crucial for enhancing surface finish and prolonging tool life. Experimental findings confirmed that cutting speed significantly influences both surface roughness and tool wear. Higher cutting speeds were associated with increased roughness and accelerated tool wear rates. The study successfully identified an optimal cutting speed that minimizes surface roughness while effectively managing tool wear, contributing to improvements in the overall efficiency of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy milling process.
INFLUENCE OF PUNCH GEOMETRY AND HOLE EXPANSION RATIO ON THE HOLE FLANGING PROCESS: A FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
This study investigates the effect of punch geometry and hole expansion ratio (HER) on the hole flanging process through finite element analysis (FEA). Three punch shapes – cylindrical, conical, and spherical – were analyzed at varying HER levels (122%, 100%, and 82%) to assess their influence on strain distribution, thickness reduction, and forming force. The results indicate that higher HER values lead to increased strain and thinning, while punch geometry significantly affects formability. The cylindrical punch exhibits the highest deformation and force requirements, while the spherical punch minimizes these effects.
NUMERICAL APPROACH FOR ANALYZING 3D-PRINTED FINRAY SOFT GRIPPERS WITH ARTICULATED CROSS BEAMS
Soft robotic grippers inspired by the Fin Ray Effect have gained attention due to their ability to gently interact with objects. This study presents the design and 2D numerical analysis of a three-jaw 3D-printed soft gripper that includes articulated cross-beams. Opposed to existing simulation methodologies, the work focuses on computational efficiency and result accuracy by employing simplifying assumptions. The assembly was fabricated by using ABS via material extrusion. Validation against experimental data proved angular deformation deviations below 5%, confirming the accuracy of the simulation model. The gripper effectively adapts to the geometry of the objects while maintaining structural resilience. These findings highlight the efficiency and accuracy of the numerical approach, supporting rapid design iterations.
THE EFFECT OF ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES ON LIGHTWEIGHT DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING OF A SAE STEERING WHEEL
The steering wheel of the formula student car (SAE) represents an important component that the driver interacts with car, through a fully mechanical steering system. This paper proposes a lightweight steering wheel manufactured in two versions based on the advanced technologies such as water jet cutting, autoclave vacuum bagging, and 3D printing. Lightweight design procedure used in this paper involves an optimal shape of the steering wheel based on size constrains and lightweight materials. The steering wheel was manufactured in two versions, one from 6082-T6 aluminum alloy and the other from carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP). Both product versions have side grip components 3D printed using fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology. A new design of SAE steering wheel was proposed, and validated by static structural analysis using finite element method (FEM). The results have showed a significant mass reduction of 40.8% for CFRP steering wheel version, it having also superior performance in mechanical characteristics.
The research presents a constructive solution and the related mathematical model of a Savonius turbine that can self-stabilize its rotational speed without braking. Beyond a certain value of the wind speed, it is desired that the rotational speed of the turbine becomes constant. So far, this has been achieved using a brake. The present work proposes a constructive solution with mobile blades that, under the action of centrifugal force and of some springs, adjusts the area of the turbine’s blade, according to the wind speed, so that the rotational speed remains almost insensitive to the wind speed variations. The mathematical model needed to dimension the features of the main components is presented. Experimental tests validate the theoretical research.
HYBRID MANUFACTURING: OPTIMIZING LATHE FINISHING PARAMETERS FOR IMPROVED SURFACE QUALITY AND DIMENSIONAL PRECISION IN FDM-PRINTED COMPONENTS
Additive Manufacturing (AM), particularly the Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) technique, is gaining traction in industrial applications due to its versatility and cost-effectiveness. However, components produced by FDM often presents poor dimensional accuracy, geometric deviations, and inferior surface quality. This study investigates the effects of lathe turning post-processing on enhancing these properties. Using a Taguchi design of experiments, critical manufacturing parameters affecting dimensional accuracy and surface roughness were analysed. Results lead to significant improvements in dimensional precision and surface quality post-turning. Optimal finishing conditions identified include a spindle speed of 1200 RPM, cutting depth of 0.3 mm, and feed rate of 0.1 mm/rev, offering valuable insights into the hybrid AM-finishing approach.
SEEDING THE FUTURE: LITERATURE REVIEW OF DIGITAL TWIN AND ITS APPLICATIONS
With the recent development of the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, big data and other emergent technologies intensively studied in both academia and across different industries, Digital Twin has become a promising technology that could overcome the challenges faced today in the context of the fourth industrial revolution. While the concept has been known for almost 20 years, recently it has become widely studied due to its diversity to be used in new industries and use cases. This paper aims to present a comprehensive review of Digital Twin technology and its implementation in the most relevant domains and applications.
OPTIMIZING LASER FINISHING PARAMETERS TO IMPROVE SURFACE QUALITY OF FDM-PRINTED PLA AND ABS COMPONENTS
Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) is a widely adopted additive manufacturing technique but often produces parts with suboptimal surface finish and dimensional accuracy. This study explores laser finishing as a post-processing technique to enhance the surface quality of FDM components made from PLA, ABS, and PET-G. Using a Taguchi design of experiments, key laser parameters—power, scanning direction, feed rate, and pass spacing—were systematically optimized. Results showed significant reductions in surface roughness (Ra and Rz) for PLA and ABS under distinct conditions. PLA achieved the smoothest finish with 1200 mW laser power, 45° direction, 100 mm/min feed rate, and 0.2 mm pass spacing. ABS required higher laser power and perpendicular scanning for optimal results. PET-G could not be effectively finished under tested settings. Additionally, printing parameters such as nozzle diameter and speed were found to critically influence the initial roughness. This work provides a validated framework for selecting laser finishing conditions tailored to material behaviour, contributing to enhanced surface quality and functional performance in FDM-printed parts.
CIRCULAR ECONOMY INDICATORS IN AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
The concept of the circular economy is increasingly discussed, from its theoretical foundations to its integration with and distinction from related concepts such as environmental protection and sustainability. To enhance its practical applicability, defining circularity indicators is essential. By establishing and measuring a well-defined set of indicators, the level of circularity can be assessed across different industries and at various levels. Building on this, we have identified relevant indicators from the existing literature and selected those applicable to the automotive industry. From the total number of 112 indicators identified, 22 indicators were selected and analyzed considering the life cycle perspective.
CASE STUDY IN A BUSINESS CONSULTING COMPANY FOR EUROPEAN FUNDS. ANALYSIS REGARDING THE DEVELOPMENT OF LEADERSHIP SKILLS FOR INCREASING ORGANISATIONAL PERFORMANCE
Leadership and management are distict yet interconnected concepts in organisational governace, often leading to confusion. These terms are frequently misused interchangeably, despite their deffering roles and function. However, an analysis of the specialised literature reveals clear elements that differentiate the two concepts. The paper aims to explore the leadership style employed within a business consulting firm operating under a project-based management framework and to propose potential strategies for its enhancement. Given the nature of the activities conducted within the company analyzed in this case study, we argue that a parcipative leadership style is the most effective in driving high performance. Involving employees in decisions related to the composition and organization of project terms fosters geater acceptance og those decisions, positively influencing both the work climate and overall productivity. The finfings derived from the leader’s questionnaire, along with the responses from the employee survey, suggest that the leadership approach within the organisation is well-balanced, placing equal emphasis on achieving results and maintaining strog interpersonal relationships.
HYBRID CLOUD IT INFRASTRUCTURE MAINTENANCE USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
IT infrastructure maintenance must be carried out in such a way as to have the least possible impact on the processes in the organization. Any infrastructure needs maintenance to update systems, apply security patches or simply to perform scheduled or unscheduled maintenance operations in the event of interventions necessary to ensure the proper functioning of the equipment. Hybrid cloud IT infrastructure has a great advantage in that it is mostly a redundant infrastructure that allows maintenance processes to be carried out with the least possible impact on the processes in the organization. By using virtualization and distributed systems in most situations, it is not necessary to completely stop the systems under maintenance, this is most often done hot with the systems in production, totally transparent to users. Redundant storage systems, redundant network and security infrastructure, systems that use redundant virtual machines allow maintenance to be carried out by allowing the other systems or equipment with the same role in the system to take over the functions of the equipment/system under maintenance. From this point of view, the maintenance of these systems can be automated and optimized so that it is carried out during less busy periods of time to have minimal impact on the organization's business processes.
ANALYZING MOTIVATION AND NEEDS OF STUDENTS IN TECHNICAL HIGHER EDUCATION
The global engineering and automotive industries face significant challenges in maintaining a skilled workforce among rapid technological advancements. This study focuses on understanding the motivation and needs of engineering students at Óbuda University, Hungary, to better align educational programs with industry demands. A survey was conducted to examine the relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, the conscious choice of a degree, and the level of effort students invest in their studies. Results indicated that intrinsic motivation plays a more significant role than extrinsic factors, with differences observed between full-time and part-time students. These findings highlight the need for tailored strategies to enhance student engagement and success.
AN EDUCATIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR INTEGRATING NATURE-BASED THINKING INTO SUSTAINABILITY-ORIENTED ENGINEERING EDUCATION
This paper presents a comprehensive framework for integrating nature-based thinking into engineering education to address urban sustainability challenges. Drawing on surveys and comparative analyses involving students, educators, and community stakeholders, the research identifies significant deficiencies in awareness, practical application, and interdisciplinary integration of nature-based solutions (NBS). Engineering students demonstrate limited exposure to NBS, lacking both conceptual understanding and hands-on experience, while educators struggle to adapt traditional pedagogies to encompass innovative, experiential learning methods. Moreover, community stakeholders emphasize the need for practical approaches that tackle real-world sustainability challenges. The proposed framework advocates curricular reforms that emphasize field projects, collaborative learning, and continuous feedback mechanisms to bridge the gap between theory and practice. By developing critical competencies and inspiring transformative teaching strategies, this approach prepares future engineers to implement sustainable solutions effectively and contribute to resilient urban development.
TRANSFER OF QUALIFIED KNOWLEDGE AND FOCUS ON INNOVATION WITHIN THE NORTH-EAST REGION LAG
LEADER is an essential tool for rural development, facilitating cooperation between local actors and promoting innovation through Local Action Groups. The study analyzes the impact of skills transfer and innovation within the LAGs in the North-East Region, highlighting their role in stimulating sustainable local development. Thus, the study emphasizes the importance of partnerships between public institutions, the private sector and local communities in the implementation of development strategies, and the main barriers identified are bureaucratic constraints and limited resources. The results suggest the need for strengthened support for LAGs in order to optimize the innovation process and increase the efficiency of rural development programs.
OPTIMIZING MUNICIPAL WASTE MANAGEMENT THROUGH PAY-AS-YOU-THROW SYSTEMS: A BIBLIOMETRIC PERSPECTIVE FOR THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY
This article analyzes the impact of "Pay-As-You-Throw" (PAYT) systems on municipal waste management and the transition to a circular economy. An analysis of 131 articles (113 in English and 18 about Romania) published between 2008 and 2024 revealed that PAYT can reduce waste and increase recycling rates, but its effectiveness varies depending on the local context and implementation model. Challenges include public resistance, implementation costs, illegal dumping, and the need for adequate infrastructure. PAYT can support the circular economy by stimulating waste reduction, reuse, and recycling.Emerging technologies such as IoT, blockchain, and AI can optimize PAYT implementation and improve the efficiency of integrated solid waste management (ISWM) systems. Future research should focus on comparing PAYT models, assessing long-term impact, integrating new technologies, and analyzing socio-economic effects.
FLEXIBLE WORKING STRUCTURES: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Work flexibility is a widely adopted approach that emerged in response to the evolving labor market, leading to transformations in the traditional workplace. It focuses on various aspects of work schedules, including timing, hours, and locations, to foster a balance between employers and employees. Five distinct forms of work flexibility have been identified, resulting in different flexible work structures that support organizations to operate effectively. These forms have gained importance as a necessity due to the recent pandemic context. This paper aims to provide an overview of the identified forms of work flexibility and the specific flexible structures associated with each. Taking an exploratory research approach there were analyzed different forms of work flexibility, as discussed in the literature review.
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND LEADERSHIP IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS: A CASE STUDY OF A TECHNOLOGICAL HIGH SCHOOL
The aim of this study is to explore the organisational environment in an educational institution, focusing on organisational issues, leadership approaches and problems managers face, having as a unit of analysis a technological high school. A survey conducted among the employees revealed some important aspects, such as lack of communication, anxiety about being open and low motivation. The results show that getting input from everyone when making decisions, good leadership, and staff development initiatives are key for the well being of the high school as an educational institution. This study points out how important shared values are to building the organisational culture and offers ideas for improvement in an educational environment. Although the study is focused on one unit of analysis, the research gives useful insights for further research of the topic on a larger sample of this type of educational institutions.
GLOBAL TRENDS IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY: A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS
In today’s context of globalization, corporations show a trend in applying a company wide management strategy. The challenges faced here are directly proportional with the size of the company, the complexity and the international footprint. This is especially valid for the automotive industry. The aim of this paper is to identify the major focus points on the topic of management in the automotive industry. This research uses a methodology that combines both literature reviews and bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer. The research has identified recurring key focus point used across the industry, but a lack of research on modern topics and quality topics. The paper concludes with recommendations and providing insights for further research as derived from the research results.
DATA-DRIVEN INSIGHTS INTO MEDIA INTEGRATION IN EDUCATION: A DECISION TREE REGRESSION STUDY
As digital media becomes increasingly embedded in education, it is reshaping teaching practices and influencing both instructional methods and student engagement. This study examines teachers' perceptions of the benefits of media in education using a decision tree regression approach, exploring how factors such as media usage, personal agency, and digital literacy shape their views. Based on data from 194 teachers, the analysis identifies the perceived importance of digital media, actual media usage in teaching, and media consumption at work as the strongest predictors of educators' attitudes toward media integration. The findings highlight the need for targeted professional development programs to strengthen teachers’ digital competencies and promote more effective media use in the classroom. This study offers insights for policymakers and education leaders, emphasizing the importance of digital literacy, pedagogical support, and contextual factors in maximizing the benefits of media-based instruction.
A DATA-DRIVEN APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING DIGITAL PARENTING AND YOUTH MEDIA BEHAVIOUR
As digital media continues to shape daily life, parents are facing new challenges in managing their children’s screen time and media habits. This study examines how parental perceptions, media regulation strategies, and children’s digital consumption patterns interact, using a decision tree regression approach. Drawing on data from 379 parents, the analysis identifies key factors influencing children's media use, with parents' perceptions of their child’s media consumption, the perceived importance of media, and time regulation rules emerging as the most significant predictors. The findings reveal a complex relationship between parental attitudes, control strategies, and children's engagement with digital media, highlighting the need for personalized media literacy approaches. By providing a deeper understanding of digital parenting dynamics, this study offers valuable insights for educators and policymakers seeking to support informed and balanced parental decision-making in an increasingly digital world.
CLUSTERING TEACHER EXPECTATIONS IN DIGITAL EDUCATION PROGRAMS USING FUZZY C-MEANS ANALYSIS
As digital tools become increasingly embedded in education, understanding teachers' expectations for digital pedagogy training is essential for designing effective professional development programs. This study applies Fuzzy C-Means clustering analysis to a dataset of 1,865 educators to uncover distinct expectation patterns in digital training. Using a 37-item questionnaire based on the DigCompEdu framework, we examined how teachers prioritize key digital competencies, ranging from technological integration and active learning strategies to ethical considerations and digital assessment methods. The instrument demonstrated high reliability (Cronbach’s α = 0.992), and clustering solutions were optimized using Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) and Silhouette scores in JASP. Findings reveal multiple expectation clusters, reflecting differences in digital readiness, pedagogical adaptation, and confidence in technology use. Some teachers sought advanced training on digital instructional strategies, while others emphasized foundational skills and ethical concerns. These insights highlight the need for flexible, personalized training programs that align with teachers’ diverse professional development needs. By recognizing and addressing these varying expectations, this study contributes to the optimization of digital pedagogy training, ensuring that educators are not just equipped with digital tools but also empowered to use them effectively in diverse learning environments.
MODELING USER ENGAGEMENT AMONG YOUTH IN DIGITAL PLATFORMS: A MACHINE LEARNING APPROACH
As digital media becomes an integral part of daily life, young people are increasingly exposed to both opportunities and risks in online spaces. This study explores the factors that shape youth experiences with digital media, focusing on negative online behaviors such as exposure to fake information, cyberbullying, and digital peer pressure. Using a decision tree regression approach, we analyzed responses from 301 adolescents aged 11 to 17, identifying key predictors of negative online experiences. Results indicate that daily media consumption in leisure time, personal leisure and social activity importance, and parental media habits are among the strongest influencers of youth digital interactions. Findings highlight the need for targeted digital literacy initiatives and parental guidance strategies to foster safer online environments. This study contributes to understanding digital media’s impact on youth and offers practical recommendations for educators, policymakers, and parents to support responsible media engagement and digital well-being among adolescents.
INTEGRATING THE EUROPEAN GREEN COMPETENCE FRAMEWORK IN ENGINEERING EDUCATION: A REVIEW OF PROJECTS AND APPROACHES
The engineering profession faces increasing demands to address global sustainability challenges, necessitating the integration of sustainability competencies into engineering education. The European Green Competence Framework (GreenComp) provides a comprehensive structure for defining these competencies. This paper reviews the relevance of GreenComp for engineers, highlighting its four competence areas and their applicability to engineering practice. It further examines European initiatives, such as the Greenversity project and the application of the GreenComp Evaluation Roadmap, that aim to embed sustainability skills in higher education curricula. The discussion emphasizes the importance of fostering systems thinking, ethical considerations, and practical application of GreenComp competencies to equip future engineers for a sustainable job market and a resilient future.
EMBEDDING SOFT SKILLS INTO ENGINEERING EDUCATION: A PEDAGOGICAL SHIFT FOR INDUSTRY 4.0 DEMANDS
This paper investigates the role of theatrical pedagogy in fostering transversal competencies (soft skills) among engineering students and graduates. While technical skills are traditionally emphasized in engineering education, the modern professional landscape increasingly demands strong interpersonal and intrapersonal abilities. Through a quantitative study utilizing a questionnaire, this research explores the current state of soft skill development among engineers, the methods through which these skills are acquired, and their perceived importance for personal and professional success. The findings suggest that theatrical pedagogy offers a valuable, yet underutilized, approach to cultivating these essential competencies, complementing formal technical education. Recommendations for integrating theatrical methods into both academic curricula and organizational training programs are provided.
CHATGPT VS GITHUB COPILOT – A REQUIREMENT-BASED TEST CASES GENERATION CAPABILITIES EVALUATION
With the rapid development of AI-based tools, such as ChatGPT and GitHub Copilot, the desire to explore them and evaluate their usability is also developing, to use their capabilities to make human work more efficient. The purpose of this paper is to assess whether ChatGPT and GitHub Copilot can generate precise, correct, and enough test cases based on requirements, to help and encourage the software testing community to use these AI-based tools. This paper compares the answers of both AI-based engines and offers a brief overview of the test cases generation capabilities.
DEGRADATION IN A CORROSIVE ENVIRONMENT OF STEELS USED IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF METAL STRUCTURES
This paper explores how atmospheric conditions affect the corrosion behavior of low-alloy steels S235JR and S355JR, commonly employed in industrial metal structures like harbor cranes and mining machinery. The investigation examines the impact of environmental parameters—including salinity, sulfur dioxide concentration, relative humidity, and temperature—on both the corrosion rate and the mechanical integrity of these materials. The experimental setup simulated polluted industrial atmospheres under controlled conditions. Corrosion was evaluated using gravimetric analysis, optical microscopy for microstructural characterization, and examination of corrosion products. Results revealed that certain iron oxyhydroxide phases, such as β-FeOOH, formed more readily in saline environments and contributed to surface degradation by promoting structural flaws like pores and cracks. These findings offer useful insights for optimizing anti-corrosion strategies, including protective coatings and inhibitor use, to enhance the durability of steel structures exposed to harsh atmospheric environments.
INTEGRATION OF IATF 16949 IN SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT LIFECYCLE FOR AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
The paper aims to present a framework designed to simplify the complex challenges of software development in the automotive industry. By focusing on visualization and key concepts, the framework enhances understanding and makes the development process easier to implement. It integrates the IATF 16949 standard to ensure compliance and quality, offering an adaptable software development lifecycle (SDLC) tailored to industry needs. A distinctive feature is the use of visual maps and clear checklists, which guide teams through SDLC phases and ensure efficient process management. This approach helps companies achieve innovation while maintaining strict quality and safety standards.
APPLICATION OF FUZZ TESTING FOR FUNCTIONAL VALIDATION IN AUTOMOTIVE
Over the past 20 years,fuzz testinghas been rarely utilized in theautomotive industry. However, with the introduction ofISO/SAE 21434, its adoption has significantly increased, becoming a standard practice in most projects to mitigatecybersecurity risks. This paper provides a brief overview offuzz testingin automotive and shows how its use can be extended beyond security testing to supportfunctional validation. Twouse caseswhere fuzz testing can be effectively applied:"Boundary Value Analysis"and"State Transition Testing" are presented.
OCCUPATIONAL RISK MANAGEMENT IN THE DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE OF WORK EQUIPMENT USING SR ISO 31000 STANDARD
Ensuring occupational health and safety within a company is a key condition for managing management at the highest level, and the integration of risk management into the integrated management of the organization, its structure, operations and processes must be adapted to achieve the established objectives and according to the internal and external context to which it is applied. The implementation of risk management at a company's level can be carried out at the strategic, operational, program or project level. The process of designing and manufacturing work equipment represents an organizational factor that can constitute a source of risk, which can lead to the occurrence of events with a high degree of uncertainty regarding the creation of new products.
THE IMPACT OF EMPLOYEE PROFILES AND WORK HABITS ON TELEWORKING
A review of existing specialized literature reveals that several aspects of teleworking remain underexplored, emphasizing the need for further research to enhance our understanding of its effects and implications in this continuously evolving work model. Additionally, ongoing studies are essential to making meaningful contributions and developing improved practices and policies for the future. Notably, research on remote work often lacks detailed insights into employees' work habits, raising questions about how professional activities are distributed throughout the workday and identifying periods of peak productivity or inactivity. This study aims to analyze the work habits of remote employees by examining their interactions with computers
ASSESSMENT OF STUDENT FEEDBACK METHODS AND THE ENHANCEMENT OF FACULTY PERFORMANCE IN HIGHER EDUCATION
In this article we deal with quality measurement, which is one of the key parts of the quality assurance process in Higher Education. There are several documents that establish important and fundamental guidelines, but the regulation of processes and procedures for implementation depends on the institutions. It is therefore a uniform requirement that higher education institutions carry out regular and effective surveys, achieving high participation rates. Therefore, the Universities and other Higher Education Institutions use different quality assurance systems to control their processes. These processes have changed in our country in the past two decades. Our aims are to present the main stages of this development, as well as the peculiarities and operation of the student satisfaction survey developed because of the process. Nowadays there is no uniform and defined methodology for measuring student satisfaction in Hungarian Higher Education. Significant differences can be observed between Higher Education Institutions (HEI) regarding the processes and measurement tools of student satisfaction measurement, the frequency of measurements, and the method of their implementation. The subject of our research is a special tool for satisfaction measurements: the student review questionnaire of teaching work, which examines satisfaction with education and teaching work through student feedback. However, practical experience shows that most of the processes developed for student review need to be improved; we also examined the reasons for this.
FROM REACTION TO PROACTIVITY, A SUSTAINABLE APPROACH OF CYBER RISK ASSESSMENT
In an increasingly complex digital environment, organizations face sophisticated cyber threats that challenge traditional risk management models. Although regulatory frameworks such as ISO 27001, NIST, and NIS2 exist, many organizations adopt a compliance-focused approach rather than a proactive one. This study examines the transition from reactive to proactive cyber risk management within a financial organization, highlighting the integration of self-assessment processes and advanced technological solutions. The research identifies key challenges, assesses the impact of implemented measures, and proposes a structured model for enhancing cyber resilience. The findings suggest that aligning IT security with business objectives and leveraging cutting-edge technologies significantly contribute to risk reduction and improved organizational preparedness.
OSH TRAINING FOR VULNERABLE GROUPS IN THE INDUSTRY 4.0 CONTEXT
This paper highlights the critical need for specialized OSH training for vulnerable groups in the era of Industry 4.0. Despite the significant rise in the variety of studies, roadmaps, and maturity models related to identifying measures necessary to support the change process, in terms of occupational safety, there is still a noticeable lack of focus on the vulnerable groups of workers in Industry 4.0. both worldwide as in Romania. To address this gap, the aim of our paper is to analyses the problematics of vulnerable groups in the context of Industry 4.0 with a specific focus on occupational safety training by proposing an in-depth literature review in order to identify and propose recommendation for ensuring Safety 4.0 - a “safe trip” in this journey that is the transition to Industry 4.0.
ROBOT-BASED SAFETY CONCEPT OF AN AUTOMOTIVE PRODUCTION FACILITY
This article gives the results of a safety concept implementation for a gearboxes assembly station. The legislative framework was synthesized, both at national and at European level. Based on it’s implementation, the conditions to ensure employees safety at work are at highest standards. Next, a description of the equipment, presenting its operation and work process was carried out. The implemented safety functions were described in detail, referring to their mode of action, as well as their subsequent checks that are part of the maintenance plan, in order to ensure preventive maintenance and thus, the operation in quality and safety conditions.
MODELING THE RISK OF ABNORMAL FUNCTIONING OF OIL AND GAS WELL BREAKOUT PREVENTERS
Eruptive manifestations in the oil and gas industry can create environmental pollution (soil, water, subsoil, air), especially destruction of equipment, and discomfort for employees and the population in the area. Also, one of the most disastrous effects of an eruptive manifestation is represented by the level of productive losses and the determination of work safety zones. We discussed the zoning of the deadly, hospitalization and discomfort hazards of uncontrolled eruptive manifestations on employees and populations in the area of activity of the well, as well as the modeling of these effects according to the diameter of the eruptive pipe, the depth of the drilling, the pressure of the productive layer, the wind speed, the length of the open flame and the evacuation rate.
MATERIALS USED FOR PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT FABRICATION: A SHORT REVIEW
The evolution of industry today has forced occupational health and safety practices to continuously adapt to the new challenges posed by robots and AI-driven processes. Therefore, there is an ongoing need to develop personal protective equipment (PPE) to meet these challenges effectively. This can be achieved by customizing the design or the materials used in PPE manufacturing. The PPEs are categorized based on their protective function and the specific areas they should protect. This study analyzes the current literature regarding the diverse array of materials used in PPE and their ongoing development, which are crucial for improving comfort and safety. Therefore, PPE has become lighter and more durable, fostering greater adoption and use.
TECHNICAL EXPERTISE OF INCIDENTS CAUSED BY THE NONCOMPLIANT USE OF PYROTECHNIC ARTICLES FOR ENTERTAINMENT
This paper highlights the results of research on the technical expertise of incidents caused by the improper use of explosive materials, specifically pyrotechnic articles for entertainment, emphasizing the necessity of a multidisciplinary and systematic approach to conduct thorough and objective analyses. The case study presented in this paper illustrates adaptability and innovation in expertise techniques, essential elements for addressing the unique challenges posed by each incident. This adaptability is crucial for the continuous improvement of safety practices to prevent unwanted events. By analyzing a real case, a replicable model is provided for the management and technical expertise of similar incidents. Thus, the vital role of technical competence in the field of safety and explosion protection is underscored.
IDENTIFICATION OF INHALABLE SOFTWOOD DUST AND DETERMINATION OF PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION IN THE WORKPLACE USING FT-IR SPECTROSCOPIC IMAGING MICROSCOPY
Workers in the wood processing industry are exposed to severe occupational hazards, such as cuts, amputations, and musculoskeletal injuries, as well as risks associated with wood dust, chemical substances, and high noise levels. These factors can lead to long-term health issues, including respiratory diseases, hearing loss, and damage to the nervous or circulatory systems.The aim of this study is to assess workers' exposure to softwood (fir) dust in the workplace by simultaneously measuring the percentage dispersion of micron-sized particles across different size classes (granulometric dispersion), observed using electron microscopy coupled with an FT-IR detector.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF PROTECTIVE GLOVES IN PREVENTING HAND LACERATIONS
In numerous industries, handling objects with sharp edges is a frequent task associated with significant risks of cuts and other injuries. Although they may appear minor, such incidents can have serious consequences, ranging from superficial wounds to deep lacerations or even amputations, ultimately affecting work capacity and quality of life. To prevent these accidents, the use of appropriate protective gloves is essential. This study examines the materials used in the manufacturing of cut-resistant gloves, emphasizing the importance of performance levels in evaluating their effectiveness
WORK RELATED PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS FOR PERSONNEL FROM CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION OF RESEARCH &DEVELOPMENT AND EDUCATION FIELDS
The paper presents some results of a field study concerning the working conditions, occupational effort and psychosocial factors in personnel activity in R&D and education fields. The study aimed to analyze the general working conditions and the occupational effort factors, including psychosocial factors. The methodology had a multidisciplinary approach, including: analysis of the work content and conditions; assessment of the work effort factors; identification of psychosocial factors; analysis of personnel health state. The results showed the levels of some psychosocial factors in the studied activities, the risk factors that determine work related stress.
AGRICULTURE 4.0: NEW PERSPECTIVES FOR AGRICULTURAL SUSTAINABILITY IN ROMANIA
Agriculture faces mounting pressure due to climate change, resource scarcity, demographic shifts, and food waste. To address these challenges, a whole farm management approach is crucial, involving collaboration between stakeholders, infrastructure, and technology. Agriculture 4.0 emerges as a key solution, aiming to improve sustainability by integrating advanced technologies like Cloud Computing, IoT, AI, Robotics, Big Data, and Data Analytics. These innovations enable informed decision-making across various sectors, enhancing productivity while ensuring environmental safety and stakeholder well-being. Implementing efficient processes at reduced costs is essential, requiring coordinated efforts from farmers, agronomists, and policymakers. Agriculture 4.0 promotes synergy between these actors, improving farm management and fostering sustainable practices. This study aims to explore Agriculture 4.0's role in Romania, assessing its technological capabilities, impacts, and challenges in sustainable agriculture. While these advancements promise to revolutionize the sector, challenges like data security, technological accessibility, and social impacts must be carefully managed to ensure a balanced and responsible transformation.
OCCUPATIONAL RISK MANAGEMENT FOR ACTIVITIES IN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS AT HEIGHT
The activity of workers in electrical installations at height is, simultaneously, a complex and dangerous activity, given the major risks to which the performers are exposed: the risk of electrocution and the risk of falling from a height. Statistics indicate an increase in work accidents caused by falls from a height, including in the activities performed on electrical installations. Thus, any work performed at height in electrical installations or near them must be very well structured and procedural, and the duties and responsibilities of each performer must be very clearly established. The paper presents some of the results of studies and research on managing occupational risks for entities that perform activities in electrical installations at height.
BURNOUT AS AN OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY CHALLENGE IN INDUSTRY 4.0 CONTEXT
In the Industry 4.0 context, where work is shaped by automation, artificial intelligence, remote work, and digital transformation, burnout is an increased challenge for occupational safety. Employees must adapt to fast-paced technological changes, digital overload, job displacement risks, and evolving skill requirements, all of which contribute to occupational stress and exhaustion. This literature review focuses on the main key factors contributing to burnout as an occupational safety challenge in the Industry 4.0 context and the main prevention and protection measures presented in specialized literature.The findings of this research are applicable to corporate leaders, HR professionals, policymakers, and technology developers, helping them design better strategies to balance technological progress and worker well-being.
DETERMINATION OF NOXIOUS EMISSIONS RESULTING FROM THE WELDING PROCESS
In the engineering industry, metals and alloys used in the manufacture of metal products and structures are subjected to welding processes, which can release metal vapors, harmful dust and particles into the air, with negative effects on workers' health and the environment. Some joining methods generate hazardous gases, categorized as greenhouse gases, toxic gases, flammable gases and explosive gases. There are clear regulations on the permissible limits for concentrations of metallic and non-metallic particulates and gases emitted by various industrial processes, including welding. The aim of this research was to measure chemical agents in the workplace air as well as respirable and respirable dust concentrations in the workplace atmosphere at a company in the Semi-Fabricated Joining Section for the position of a manual electric welder. The determinations of chemical agents and of respirable and inhalable dusts were carried out in the workers' breathing zone between 0800 and 1400.
CONSIDERATIONS ON THE COMPRESSIVE BEHAVIOR OF FOOTWEAR PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
The manufacture of safety footwear is subject to a number of mandatory regulations to ensure safety during use. As protective footwear has evolved, a number of tests have been required to ensure that the product fully protects the individual, as required by ergonomic standards (EN ISO 20344). In all workplaces, accidents caused by heavy or massive objects are common for a variety of reasons. In this study, compression tests have been performed on personal protective footwear, including other parameters not included in the testing standards for this type of footwear, such as time and temperature.
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY (OHS) CHALLENGES IN THE MAINTENANCE FOR INDUSTRY 5.0
The paper presents part of the research related to how maintenance activities performed to maintain or restore in working condition after a failure the specific equipment of Industry 5.0 influence occupational health and safety activities. The focus is on identifying the main maintenance activities in Industry 5.0 and on the subsequent identification of the OHS challenges specific to these actions.
SAFETY IN ENGINEERING DESIGN: THE CRITICAL ROLE OF ERGONOMICS TRAINING IN INDUSTRY 4.0 CONTEXT
Occupational safety issues represent one of the big challenges in Industry 4.0 context both for new technologies designers and companies that use new technologies to increase their performance. Considering user experience in engineering design is mandatory in the context of Society 5.0 that promotes human-centered design solutions. This paper aims to highlight the critical role of ergonomics training in safety-oriented engineering education, using a combined methodology based on autoethnography, narrative analysis and feedback received from participants in international pilot co-teaching sessions. The case study developed within an Erasmus+ cooperation partnership implemented in Spain, Finland and Romania, describes new learning and teaching methods tested in the context of Engineering Education 5.0 and presents participants’ feedback related to ergonomics training experience.
APPLICABILITY OF THE MAXM METHOD IN THE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL RISKS
Occupational risk assessment requires rigorous and adaptable tools to reflect the complexity of today's work environment. In this context, the MAXM method – which combines severity, duration of exposure and frequency of risks – offers a structured and visual approach. However, in order to ensure objectivity and validation of the results obtained by this method, the integration of statistical techniques, such as analysis of variance (ANOVA), becomes essential. This article argues the need to apply ANOVA in the analysis of data resulting from MAXM evaluations, highlighting its advantages in detecting significant differences between experimental conditions, categories of personnel or evaluation moments. Thus, a combined statistical-institutional approach is proposed, meant to substantiate efficient decisions in the field of occupational safety and health.
SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW ON SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT IN CIVIL LOGISTICS: TECHNOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS AND VULNERABILITIES
This paper presents a systematic literature review of civil supply chain management (SCM) from 2010 to 2025, aiming to capture key developments, research gaps, and emerging directions. Using bibliometric analysis of Scopus data processed through VOSviewer, five major thematic clusters were identified: sustainability and green supply chains, digital transformation (Industry 4.0/5.0), risk management and resilience, supply chain integration and performance, and socio-economic dimensions such as food security and humanitarian logistics. The review of 30 high-impact empirical studies highlights the increasing relevance of sustainable practices, the balance between efficiency and resilience, and the transformative influence of blockchain, big data, and artificial intelligence. Findings indicate a paradigm shift in SCM, from cost-centered approaches to multidimensional frameworks integrating economic, environmental, social, and resilience objectives. Despite significant advances in green SCM and digitalization, gaps persist in social sustainability and the integration of resilience with sustainability. Future research is expected to design resilient, sustainable, and digitally enabled supply chain models capable of addressing global disruptions.
IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF MANAGEMENT DECISION-MAKING WITHIN THE SELECTION OF ENERGY INVESTMENT PROJECTS
At the half-time point of the 2030 Agenda, it became obvious that the set goals for climate conservation and environmental protection would not be achieved on time: 2024 was the warmest year in recorded history and this trend is likely to continue. The energy sector plays a fundamental role in achieving the environmental and climate goals, which increases the need to improve the efficiency of management decisions, especially at the stage of selecting investment projects especially in the traditional energy sector. At present, management decisions should be environmentally responsible, i.e. the implementation of the project should be aimed at achieving both the economic and environmental goals. The purpose of this study is to improve the framework for investment projects assessment considering the previously developed system of environmental and economic indicators. The paper presents a modified version of the efficiency assessment for two project selection options: (i) "with a project" and "without a project"; (ii) a comparison of alternative investment projects with subsequent selection. The updated framework increases the objectivity of the assessment, while maintaining the parity of economic and environmental indicators.