INFLUENCE OF GRAPHITE MACROPARTICLES ON FRICTION AND WEAR OF A356/SiC/Gr COMPOSITES IN LUBRICATED CONDITIONS

Aleksandar VENCL

Abstract


Metal matrix composites (MMCs) with Al-Si alloy bases and ceramic reinforcements are extensively used in tribological applications such as automotive pistons, cylinder blocks, plain bearings and others where boundary lubrication conditions may occur. In those conditions, intensive adhesive wear (due to the seizure of the Al-Si alloy) and abrasive wear (due to the action of hard reinforcements) become possible. To overcome this problem, many researchers have used dispersed solid lubricant microparticles, such as graphite, in Al-Si alloy matrices. This research analyses the friction and wear properties of A356 Al-Si alloy reinforced with SiC microparticles (40 μm) and graphite macroparticles (200 – 800 μm) in boundary lubricated conditions. The testing has been assessed using two tribometers with different configurations, i.e. ball-on-disc and block-on-disc tribometer. On the ball-on-disc tribometer, a ball made of 100Cr6 steel was sliding on a composite disc under a load of 5 N and a speed of 0.15 m/s for 500 m. On the block-on-disc tribometer, a disc made of 42CrMo4 steel was sliding on a composite block under loads of 50, 100 and 150 N and a speed of 0.5 m/s for 1000 m. In both experiments, the lubricant was engine oil SAE 15W-40. Macro- and microhardness measurements and basic analysis of the wear tracks were also performed. The results showed the beneficial influence of graphite macroparticles addition on tribological properties in boundary lubricated conditions.

References


Surappa M.K., 2003, Aluminium matrix composites: Challenges and opportunities, Sādhanā, 28, 319-334.

Prasad S.V., Asthana R., 2004, Aluminum metal-matrix composites for automotive applications: Tribological considerations, Tribology Letters, 17, 445-453.

Hunt W.H., Miracle D.B., Automotive applications of metal-matrix composites, in: Miracle D.B., Donaldson S.L. (Eds.), ASM Handbook, Volume 21: Composites, ASM International, 2001, 1029-1032.

Vencl A., Tribology of the Al-Si alloy based MMCs and their application in automotive industry, in: Magagnin L. (Ed.), Engineered Metal Matrix Composites: Forming Methods, Material Properties and Industrial Applications, Nova Science Publishers, 2012, 127-166.

Kearney A., Rooy E.L. (Rev.), Aluminum foundry products, in: ASM Handbook, Volume 2: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials, ASM International, 1990, 123-151.

Rohatgi P., 1991, Cast aluminum-matrix composites for automotive applications, JOM, 43, 10-15.

Ribes H., Suéry M., 1989, Effect of particle oxidation on age hardening of Al-Si-Mg/SiC composites, Scripta Metallurgica, 23, 705-709.

Daoud A., Reif W., 2002, Influence of Al2O3 particulate on the aging response of A356 Al-based composites, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 123, 313-318.

Ekka K.K., Chauhan S.R., Varun, 2016, Study on the sliding wear behaviour of hybrid aluminium matrix composites using Taguchi design and neural network, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications, 230, 537-549.

Nwobi-Okoye C.C., Ochieze B.Q., Okiy S., 2019, Multi-objective optimization and modeling of age hardening process using ANN, ANFIS and genetic algorithm: Results from aluminum alloy A356/cow horn particulate composite, Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 8, 3054-3075.

Rohatgi P.K., Liu Y., Ray S., Friction and wear of metal-matrix composites, in: Blau P.J. (Ed.), ASM Handbook, Volume 18: Friction, Lubrication, and Wear Technology, ASM International, 1992, 801-811.

Gomez‐Garcia C., Rodríguez M.E., Castaño V.M., Herrera A., 2007, Particles distribution on wear behavior of an Al‐Gr(p) composite, Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, 59, 77-80.

Omrani E., Dorri Moghadam A., Menezes P.L., Rohatgi P.K., 2016, Influences of graphite reinforcement on the tribological properties of self-lubricating aluminum matrix composites for green tribology, sustainability, and energy efficiency – A review, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 83, 325-346.

Gibson P.R., Clegg A.J., Das A.A., 1984, Wear of cast Al-Si alloys containing graphite, Wear, 95, 193-198.

Das S., Prasad S.V., Ramachandran T.R., 1989, Microstructure and wear of cast (Al-Si alloy)-graphite composites, Wear, 133, 173-187.

Subramanian C., Kishore, 1984, Influence of graphite type, modification and hot working on wear of aluminium based particulate composites, Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 3, 278-293.

Ejiofor J.U., Reddy R.G., 1997, Developments in the processing and properties of particulate Al-Si composites, JOM, 49, 31-37.

Bobić I. et al., 2014, Microstructural characterization and artificial aging of compo-casted hybrid A356/SiCp/Grp composites with graphite macroparticles, Materials Science and Engineering A, 612, 7-15.

Vencl A. et al., 2019, Tribological characterisation in dry sliding conditions of compocasted hybrid A356/SiCp/Grp composites with graphite macroparticles, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 100, 2135-2146.

Budynas R.G., Nisbett J.K., Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design, McGraw-Hill, 2021.

Kearney A.L. (Rev.), Properties of cast aluminum alloys, in: ASM Handbook, Volume 2: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials, ASM International, 1990, 152-177.

Vencl A. et al., 2021, Studies on structural, mechanical and erosive wear properties of ZA-27 alloy-based micro-nanocomposites, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications, 235, 1509-1518.

Vencl A., Mrdak M., Hvizdos P., 2017, Tribological properties of WC-Co/NiCrBSi and Mo/NiCrBSi plasma spray coatings under boundary lubrication conditions, Tribology in Industry, 39, 183-191.

Vencl A. et al., 2020, Influence of secondary phases in A356 MMCs on their mechanical properties at macro- and nanoscale, Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, 42, 115.

Hamrock B.J., Schmid S.R., Jacobson B.O., Fundamental of Fluid Film Lubrication, Marcel Dekker, 2004.

Babić M. et al., 2013, The influence of lubricant on friction coefficient of hybrid Al-SiC-Gr composites, Tribological Journal BULTRIB, 3, 148-154.

Vencl A., 2009, Tribological properties of thixocasted and heat treated hypoeutectic Al-Si alloy A356, Scientific Problems of Machines Operation and Maintenance, 44, 15-23.

Skulić A. et al., 2024, The influence of worm gear material and lubricant on the efficiency and coefficient of friction, Tribology and Materials, 3, 15-23.

Vencl A. et al., 2010, Structural, mechanical and tribological properties of A356 aluminium alloy reinforced with Al2O3, SiC and SiC + graphite particles, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 506, 2010, 631-639.

Babić M. et al., 2013, Wear properties of A356/10SiC/1Gr hybrid composites in lubricated sliding conditions, Tribology in Industry, 35, 148‐154.

Kato K., Adachi K., Wear mechanisms, in: Bhushan B. (Ed.), Modern Tribology Handbook, CRC Press, 2001, 7.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


JOURNAL INDEXED IN :